GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Azimuthvertical Deflection A precise tool. 📖 What is the Azimuthvertical Deflection & How does it work? The deflection of the vertical (also called the plumb‑line deflection)…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Determinationlaplace Correction A precise tool. 📖 What is the Determinationlaplace Correction & How does it work? Laplace correction, also known as the rule of succession, provides…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Eccentricityastronomical Azimuth A precise tool. 📖 What is the Eccentricityastronomical Azimuth & How does it work? The astronomic azimuth is the horizontal angle measured eastward from…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Latitudeflattening Eccentricity A precise tool. 📖 What is the Latitudeflattening Eccentricity & How does it work? The shape of the Earth is best approximated by an…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Latitudemean Radius Earth A precise tool. 📖 What is the Latitudemean Radius Earth & How does it work? The Earth is not a perfect sphere; it…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Latitudesprime Vertical Radius A precise tool. 📖 What is the Latitudesprime Vertical Radius & How does it work? The prime‑vertical radius, commonly denoted as N, is…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Ellipsoidmeridian Arc A precise tool. 📖 What is the Ellipsoidmeridian Arc & How does it work? The Earth is more accurately represented by an oblate ellipsoid…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Calculatorellipsoid Normal Section A precise tool. 📖 What is the Calculatorellipsoid Normal Section & How does it work? The Earth is best approximated by an oblate…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Transformationgrs80 Ellipsoid A precise tool. 📖 What is the Transformationgrs80 Ellipsoid & How does it work? The GRS80 ellipsoid is the reference surface adopted by the…

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATOR Datum Swap A precise tool. 📖 What is the Datum Swap & How does it work? Geographic coordinate systems define positions on the Earth's surface using…